Nanoparticlesmetallic have emerged as potent tools in a diverse range of applications, including bioimaging and drug delivery. However, their inherent physicochemical properties raise concerns regarding potential toxicity. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a type of nanoparticle that converts near-infrared light into visible light, hold immense c

Carbon dot nanomaterials (CDNs) have emerged as a significant class of nanomaterials with a broad spectrum of applications in various fields. These highly fluorescent nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, electronic, and catalytic properties that originate from their fundamental structure and surface chemistry. Their tunable size, shape, and c

Quantum dots (QDs) are quantum nanostructures with unique optical and electronic properties that make them highly desirable for a variety of applications. However, their full potential can be further exploited by engineering their surfaces to achieve specific functionalities. Surface modification allows for the binding of functional groups or ligan